Remedies

Schade, restitutie, rechterlijke bevelen, specifieke prestaties, ontbinding en hervorming van contracten, onrechtmatige daden en eigendommen.

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1Foundations and the Remedies Attack OrderThe vocabulary and the fixed order of analysis behind every Remedies essay: legal versus equitable remedies and why the difference matters, the four families of remedies (compensatory, restitutionary, coercive, declaratory), the three limits on damages and mitigation, the prerequisites and defenses for equitable relief, and the six-step attack order applied to a crossover fact pattern.62 minVrij

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CAOnderscheiding uit Californië

Collateral source rule and medical expenses

Algemene regel (federaal / meerderheid)

Many states follow the traditional rule (Restatement (Second) of Torts § 920A). The plaintiff recovers the full reasonable value of medical care even if an insurer paid for it, and even if the insurer paid a discounted amount.

Californië

California keeps the rule but caps the measure. For past medical expenses the plaintiff recovers no more than the amount actually paid or owed by the plaintiff or the insurer. The amount billed but written off by the provider is not recoverable (Howell v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 541).

Write the traditional rule first. Add Howell only if the call names California law or the facts give both a billed amount and a paid amount.

CAOnderscheiding uit Californië

Does unclean hands bar a damages claim?

Algemene regel (federaal / meerderheid)

General rule: unclean hands is an equitable defense. It can defeat an injunction, specific performance or a constructive trust, but the plaintiff’s legal claim for damages survives.

Californië

California applies unclean hands to legal claims as well as equitable ones. The plaintiff’s misconduct must relate directly to the transaction and make relief unfair (Kendall-Jackson Winery, Ltd. v. Superior Court (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 970).

On a general-law call, write that unclean hands bars equity only. If the call names California law, add one sentence: in California the defense can also defeat the damages claim.

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Olivia Brennan

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